American sculptor. One of the few native New Yorkers in the New York School. He graduated as a doctor of dental surgery in 1927, his serious work as an artist beginning only in 1932. He first exhibited in 1933–4, and his first one-man exhibition, mainly of wood-carvings dealing with themes of social concern, was in 1938. From the early 1940s until 1958 he taught sculpture at various colleges in the New York area and was a visiting critic at Yale University. By the mid-1940s he was working in lead and then bronze. During this technical evolution his formal vocabulary also changed from more or less figurative images, such as Imprisoned Figure (lead and wood, 1948; New York, MOMA), to gaunt, Surrealistic constructions in several materials, such as Sea King (nickel-silver on Monel metal, 1955; Buffalo, NY, Albright–Knox). Eventually he developed unique and influential techniques.